ProcrastiGauge Answers

Sources and references

Every research claim on ProcrastiGauge Answers comes from the published work below. Where a source is a summary of a study rather than the paper itself, the note says so. Statements about the ProcrastiGauge app describe what the app does today and are not from these studies.

  1. Harkin, B., Webb, T. L., Chang, B. P. I., Prestwich, A., Conner, M., Kellar, I., Benn, Y., & Sheeran, P. (2016). Does monitoring goal progress promote goal attainment? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 142(2), 198-229. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/91437/Meta-analysis of 138 randomised studies (19,951 participants). Used in: Can an app make you more productive?, How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, Does tracking your progress help you reach your goals?, How do I build a daily study routine that sticks?, What actually works to reduce procrastination?
  2. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1Meta-analysis of 94 independent tests. Used in: Can an app make you more productive?, How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, What are implementation intentions (if-then plans), and do they work?, How do I build a daily study routine that sticks?, What actually works to reduce procrastination?, How do I start a task I keep putting off?, How do I stop procrastinating on homework and studying?
  3. Aeon, B., Faber, A., & Panaccio, A. (2021). Does time management work? A meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245066158 studies, more than 53,000 respondents. Used in: Can an app make you more productive?, How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, Does time management actually work for students?, How do I build a daily study routine that sticks?
  4. Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011Theoretical review that pulls together research on procrastination and mood. Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, Why do people procrastinate?, Is procrastination the same as being lazy?
  5. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65Meta-analysis based on 691 correlations. Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, Why do people procrastinate?, Is procrastination the same as being lazy?, How common is procrastination?, How do I start a task I keep putting off?, How do I stop procrastinating on homework and studying?
  6. Uncapher, M. R., & Wagner, A. D. (2018). Minds and brains of media multitaskers: Current findings and future directions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6176627Review of about ten years of research; the authors call it premature to draw firm conclusions about impact. Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, Does using your phone while studying hurt your focus?
  7. Ariga, A., & Lleras, A. (2011). Brief and rare mental "breaks" keep you focused: Deactivation and reactivation of task goals preempt vigilance decrements. Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.12.007Experiment with 84 participants on a long, repetitive computer task. Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, Do breaks improve focus? Does the Pomodoro technique work?
  8. Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.xTwo longitudinal studies of university students over a semester. Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, Does procrastination hurt your grades?, Is procrastination bad for your health?, Do you really work better under pressure?, Does procrastination cause stress?
  9. Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038Meta-analysis of 33 studies (about 38,500 participants). Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, Does procrastination hurt your grades?, Do you really work better under pressure?, How do I stop procrastinating on homework and studying?
  10. Wohl, M. J. A., Pychyl, T. A., & Bennett, S. H. (2010). I forgive myself, now I can study: How self-forgiveness for procrastinating can reduce future procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7), 803-808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.029Study of 119 first-year university students across two rounds of midterm exams. Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, How do I stop feeling guilty about procrastinating?
  11. Sirois, F. M. (2014). Procrastination and stress: Exploring the role of self-compassion. Self and Identity, 13(2), 128-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2013.763404Four samples: three of undergraduates and one of community adults (768 people in total). Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, How do I stop feeling guilty about procrastinating?, Does procrastination cause stress?
  12. Kroese, F. M., De Ridder, D. T. D., Evers, C., & Adriaanse, M. A. (2014). Bedtime procrastination: Introducing a new area of procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 611. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00611Online survey of 177 adults. Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, What is bedtime procrastination (and "revenge bedtime procrastination")?
  13. Hershner, S. D., & Chervin, R. D. (2014). Causes and consequences of sleepiness among college students. Nature and Science of Sleep, 6, 73-84. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4075951Review article. Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, How does sleep affect studying and grades?
  14. Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 998-1009. https://bps.org.uk/research-digest/how-form-habit96 volunteers over 12 weeks; link is the British Psychological Society research digest. Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, How long does it take to form a habit?, How do I build a daily study routine that sticks?
  15. van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002Meta-analysis of 24 intervention studies (1,173 participants). Used in: How to stop procrastinating: 10 steps that actually work, What actually works to reduce procrastination?
  16. Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2009/08/multitask-research-study-082409Link is Stanford University's news summary of the study. Used in: Does using your phone while studying hurt your focus?
  17. Johansson, F., Rozental, A., Edlund, K., Côté, P., Sundberg, T., Onell, C., Rudman, A., & Skillgate, E. (2023). Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden. JAMA Network Open, 6(1), e2249346. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346Cohort study of 3,525 students from 8 Swedish universities, followed up 9 months later. Used in: Is procrastination bad for your health?, Does procrastination cause stress?
  18. Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137-159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098Meta-analysis of up to 43 samples (about 10,000 people). Used in: Is procrastination caused by perfectionism?